Criminal Procedure-Apperance of parties: In the absence of an express statutory requirement, an applicant in an interlocatory criminal application is not required to appeared to appear personally in court where the applicant is dully represented by an Advocate.

Advocates-Right of apperance-Presumption of Authority: An Advocate appearing on record is presumed to have proper authority to act for a client and is not required to annex documetary proof of instructions unless the law expressly provides otherwise.

Evidence-Affidavits-Admissions on Oath: An Admission made on Oath in an affidavit is biding upon the party making it, and such a party is estopped from subsequently denying the admitted fact.

Procedure-Affidavits-Adoption of depositions: The adoption or incorporation of factual depositions from another affiavit, for purposes of avoiding repetition, does not amount to a legal argument and is procedurally permissible.

Representation-Union Institutions: Returning Officer as employee of a Union Institution, proper representation lies with the Attorney General of Tanzania.

Right of Audience- No automatic right of apperance: State Attorneys from the Attorney General of Zanzibar cannot appear in Union matters without statutory authority.

Procedure- Failure to follow statutory requirement- apperance rendered improper. 

That in a charge of murder, must be grounded on legally admissible, cogent and sufficient evidence, failing which the accused is entitled to an acquittal at the close of the prosecution's side.

Crimina Law- Murder-Essential Ingridients of the offence; proof of death, proof of unlawful cause of death, proof of participation and malice aforethought. 

Prima Facie Case Test (No Case to Answer)- At the close of the prosecution's case, the court must determine whether the evidence adduced, if believed and left uncontroverted, is sufficient to warrant putiing the accused on his defence, as required under section 263(2) of the Criminal Procedure Act No. 7 of 2018.

An appellate court will not interfere with the decision of a trial tribunal where no substantive ground challenges the factual findigs relating to rights over the disputed property and no miscarriage of justice is demonstrated.

Civil Procedure-Failure to read exhibits aloud after admission does not render them inadmissible in civil proceedings where parties were aware of their contents through pleadings and disclosure, no objection was raised, exhibits produced by competent witness, the authentecity of documents was not disputed and no prejudice was occasioned.

Evidence-Competency of Witness: Under section 133 of the Evidence Act No. 9 of 2016, all persons are competent to testify unless they lack capacity to understand the questions or give rational answers.

Effect of Retrial-Once a matter is ordered to be retried, all prior proceedings are rendered null and void. As such, a witness who testified in earlier annulled proccedings is not disqualified from testifying again in the retrial, unless expressly barred by statute.

Interlocutory Irregularities-Procedural defects relating to interlocutory orders do not affect the validity of the final judgment unless they directly impact the decision appealed against. 

The preliminary objection raised dismissed as the writeen statement of defence signed and verified by principal officer of the corporation is valid under Order XXXIII Rule 1 of the Civil Procedure Decree (Cap. 8).

Civil Procedure-In a suit by or against a corporation, a writeen statement of defence signed and verified by a principal offcer of the company; such as a senior executive with authority to act on behalf of the corporation is competent under Order XXXIII Rule 1 of the Civil Procedure Decree (Cap.8).